The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that about 6.1 million children in the United States between the ages of 2 and 17 have an ADHD
diagnosis. It’s considered one of the most common childhood
neurodevelopmental disorders, and by mid-elementary and middle school, symptoms
can include difficulty starting and completing tasks, restlessness when
not engaged in an activity, rushed and messy work, and trouble
following multistep directions.
“ADHD affects the entire brain,” says Adiaha Spinks-Franklin, MD, a
developmental-behavioral pediatrician and an associate professor at
Baylor College of Medicine. “Your brain does not make enough dopamine or
epinephrine—chemicals that are important for self-control and
self-regulation. So students with ADHD can’t regulate their impulses,
their attention, their emotions. They struggle with being disorganized
and with time and money management.”
Remote classrooms pose special problems. Researchers recently found
that 31 percent of parents of kids with ADHD described remote learning
as “very challenging” and struggled to support their children at home.
Educators and students can be at a disadvantage, too. In the physical
classroom, teachers can generally see when students with ADHD are
confused, fidgety, and in need of a quick refocus prompt—but many of
these signals are lost in translation during Zoom instruction. And
because learning from home is generally more independent, it requires
more focus and organization, two qualities that are often in short
supply for students with ADHD.
To support kids with ADHD in elementary and middle school, the
educators we spoke with said they’re focusing on the fundamentals of smart online teaching:
brain and body breaks, chunking lessons into shorter units, and
connecting with and soliciting feedback from their students—but
especially those with ADHD—as often as possible. “In regular classrooms,
the whole first quarter is about understanding students’ learning
styles and creating partnerships with them to learn what I might do to
help them,” says New Orleans elementary school educator Sari Levy. “We
can’t forget that point when we’re teaching digitally.”
Here’s a breakdown of what we found teachers are doing for their kids with ADHD:
Find Out How Students Learn Best—and Support That
Lessons that are repetitive and long, requiring sustained mental
effort, are difficult for most kids, says Sydney Zentall, a professor
emerita of educational studies at Purdue University—but they are
especially tough for students with ADHD who tend to get bored and distracted easily.
Intentionally incorporating an element of choice can engage students
with ADHD and enable them to sustain attention longer. There’s also
research showing that when another activity is introduced that draws on a
different sense—say, standing up for a few minutes during a virtual
lesson or listening to white noise or soft background music while working through math problems—it can help focus kids’ brains on the primary task.
Allen Jefferson, a 15-year-old student in New Orleans with ADHD,
prefers to log into his online classes on his cell phone because this
allows him to move around the house or stroll out into the backyard
without missing a moment of class. Keeping his body busy helps him stay
focused—the phone is just for convenience: “It’s harder to walk around
with a laptop,” he explains.
To help students with ADHD create their optimal learning environment,
Levy suggests a private check-in with students to discuss how they
learn best and brainstorm ways to improve their home learning setup. She
asks questions like “Tell me a little bit about where you learn” and
“Does that feel calm for you?”
Finally, when students with ADHD are allowed to fidget,
they’re able to concentrate better. Annie Preziosi, a special education
administrator in a New Orleans K–8 school, likes to remind students
that fidgets
don’t necessarily need to be expensive, and many items can easily be
found at home and are quiet, so they don’t bother other kids: pipe
cleaners, rubber bands, beaded bracelets, clay, a small handball, or
paper clips, for example. All these items can help keep kids’ hands busy
while they learn.
Support Keeping Track of Time and Schedules
Students with ADHD can struggle to keep track of time.
Setting reminders on their phones about class start times, due dates,
and other tasks can help. Sometimes, a simple kitchen timer can help
them break up tasks and stay focused for chunks of time.
Visual timers, battery-operated units that replicate analog clocks
and allow students to see the passage of time via a colored disk that
disappears as minutes pass—like this one and this smaller one—allow
them to track the passage of time and provide helpful external cues
that boost focus. During independent periods when kids are learning from
home, time management techniques like the Pomodoro Technique—essentially,
setting a timer and focusing on a specific task for 25 minutes, then
taking a five-minute break, then returning to the task—can help kids
stay steadily productive.
Because organization can be a challenge—and because many schools
continue to adjust their remote and hybrid schedules, requiring students
to keep track of evolving schedules—kids need clear, easy-to-read
schedules. Post daily schedules in a single, predictable space in your
learning management system (LMS), and try not to vary that routine. If
possible, include links to any resources you’ll use, including all Zoom
meeting IDs and passwords. Ask students who need extra scaffolding to
tape the daily schedule at eye level in their learning space—or if it’s a
digital schedule with links, ask them to keep it on their laptop or
iPad homepage.
Those kinds of strategies will help limit anxiety when students are
late or don’t know their next move, says Levy. “If any child starts off
class in a panic, they won’t do well in class,” she says, and they won’t
be ready to learn. “Nobody should feel that way.” If she sees students
logging in late and feeling anxious, she offers calming words to help
her students self-regulate: “Take a breath. You’re here. Whatever
happened before you got here, let it go.”
Start With the Big Picture—Then Break It Down
Children with ADHD commonly struggle with executive function.
Executive functions are the brain’s self-control capacities; they allow
us to sustain action and problem-solving toward a goal. Russell Barkley,
PhD, clinical professor of psychiatry at the Medical University of
South Carolina and a leading expert on ADHD, describes executive function as “goal-directed problem-solving, and goal-directed persistence.”
One of these executive functions is the ability to tap into what
Barkley calls “nonverbal working memory” to create mental maps to guide
behavior so that we can meet a goal—and remember the sequence of steps
required to do that. A complex, multistep homework assignment without
the appropriate scaffolding, for example, can be a major barrier for a
child with ADHD.
During remote instruction, says Sydney Zentall, it’s especially
important for kids with ADHD to start with the big picture and then move
to the small pieces. “They need to see the forest, then the trees,” she
says. According to Zentall’s research,
students with ADHD learn best when teachers present a new topic by
teaching the big idea first—the ocean is warming, for example—instead of
giving detailed descriptions of how warming oceans may be affecting
animals. “Start with the biggest idea first, then specifics,” Zentall
says. Starting with too much detail, she says, is overwhelming for kids
with ADHD.
Adapt Strategies That Kids Already Use Online
Poor working memory is common for people with ADHD, which can make
reading comprehension and retention difficult. When students are reading
text on a screen, says Annie Preziosi, they tend to skim rather than
read closely—making it even more difficult for kids with ADHD to
understand and retain what they’ve read. But when she asks students to
slow down and summarize each paragraph, it makes information “sticky for
them, so they can remember it better,” she says.
When students are reading text online, Preziosi uses an active reading strategy
whereby she numbers key paragraphs of the reading material and asks
students to write down the main idea for each. And she uses a simple
trick to help her students engage with the strategy: She asks them to
write hashtags for the paragraphs. So, for example, students might
hashtag a paragraph with #DerrickLovesFootball or
#PrincessLovesTheColorGreen.
Build In Brain and Body Breaks
All kids benefit from quick breaks during the school day, but for kids with ADHD, taking regular breaks away from Zoom lessons is critical for maintaining focus.
To break up her lessons, Levy builds in regular movement breaks for
her students with ADHD by asking them to complete specific tasks like
gathering lesson materials and tools, using the bathroom, or getting a
drink. Preziosi limits class time to 30-minute chunks broken up by
regular breaks “to get that extra energy out.” She’s found that beyond
the half-hour mark, “younger children can’t absorb information, in my
experience,” Preziosi says. When kids return to her online class, she
gets them back into the flow with breathing exercises, helping them
settle down and prepare for learning.
And because kids learning from home are missing critical
opportunities to socialize with their peers, Spinks-Franklin recommends
scheduling unstructured Zoom breaks specifically for children to “goof
around and talk, unscheduled,” with each other. “They need that social
interaction,” she says.
